I. BONES: AN OVERVIEW

a. Functions of the Bones

i. ___________ – form the internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs, legs support body trunk, ribs support thoracic wall

ii. _______________ – protect soft body organ

iii. ________________ - skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts

iv. ________________ – fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus

v. ____________________________ – hematopoiesis – occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones

b. Classification of Bones

i. _______ bones

ii. two types of bone tissue

1. _____________ – dense and looks _________________ _______________________________

2. __________________ – composed of small ___________ _____________________________ and lots of ________________

3. bones are classified according to _______________

a. _____________

i. __________ than they are ___________

ii. mostly ________________________

iii. all bones of the ______________________ _______________________

b. ______________

i. ______________________

ii. mostly ________________________

iii. __________________________________

c. ____________

i. ____________________, and usually _____________

ii. two thin layer of compact bone and a layer of spongy bone

iii. ________________________________

d. ______________________

i. bones that do not fit in any other category

ii. ___________________________

c. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling

i. Skeleton is formed from ______________________________

ii. Process of bone formation – _____________________

1. the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by ___________________________________

2. then the _________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

a. ________________________ – cover bone ends

b. ____________________________ – flat plate of hyaline cartilage that provide for ________________________________

3. “______” cartilage is formed continuously on the __________ ________________________________ and on the ____________________________ surface that is farther away from the _______________________________

4. “________” cartilage on the ________________________ _______________________________________ and the _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________

5. bones widen by __________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ – appositional growth

iii. bone growth is controlled by ______________________________ _____________________________________________________

iv. bone growth ends during ________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

v. bones are remodeled continuously in response to two factors

1. _________________________________ in the blood

a. calcium levels ___________________

i. parathyroid glands are stimulated to release _________________________________

ii. PTH activates ________________________ ___________________ to break down ____________________________________ ____________________________________

b. calcium levels too __________________

i. calcium is __________________ in bone matrix as hard calcium salts

2. ________________________________________________

vi. bone remodeling is essential if bones are to retain _____________ _____________________________________________________

d. Bone Fractures (breaks)

i. _____________________________________ – bone breaks cleanly, but does not penetrate the skin

ii. _____________________________________ – bone ends penetrate through the skin

iii. Repair of bone fractures

1. blood vessels are _____________________ forming a ________________ (blood filled swelling). Bone cells deprived of nutrients ___________

2. growth of new __________________, disposal of dead tissue by ______________________, connective tissue forms a mass of ________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________

3. ___________________________________ migrate into the area and multiply, Fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus made of _______________________________

4. ________________________________________ in response to the mechanical stress

II. AXIAL SKELETON – forms the ___________________________________

III. APPENDICULAR SKELETON – __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

IV. JOINTS - articulations

a. Every bone in the body forms a joint with at least one other bone, except the _________________________

b. Two functions

i. _____________________________

ii. _________________________________

c. functional classification

i. ______________________ – immovable joints

ii. __________________________ – slightly movable joints

1. synarthroses and amphiarthroses are restricted mainly to the axial skeleton, where firm attachments and protection of internal organs are priorities

iii. ______________________________ – freely movable joints, predominate in the limbs

d. structural classification

i. ____________________________

1. _______________________

2. bones are united by _________________________

3. sutures of the ___________

ii. __________________________________

1. _______________________________

2. bone ends are connected by cartilage

3. immovable – ___________________________

4. slightly movables – _________________________

iii. _____________________________

1. freely movable

2. articulating bones are separated by a _________________ _______________________________________________

3. four distinguishing features

a. __________________________ – covers the ends of bones forming the joint

b. ________________________________ – joint surfaces are enclosed by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue that is lined with a synovial membrane

c. ___________________________________ – the articular capsule encloses a cavity which contains lubricating synovial fluid

d. _______________________________

4. associated structures

a. _______________– sacs containing synovial fluid

b. _______________________ – elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

e. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

i. ___________________________

1. articular surfaces are flat

2. short slipping or gliding movements

3. nonaxial

4. intercarpal points of the wrist

ii. __________________________

1. cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough shaped surface on another bone

2. angular movement is allowed in just one plane

3. uniaxial

4. elbow

iii. _____________________________

1. the rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone

2. uniaxial

3. proximal radioulnar joint

iv. ___________________________________

1. egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another

2. allow moving bone to travel from side to side and back and forth

3. biaxial

4. metacarpophalangeal joints

v. __________________________________

1. each articular surface has both convex and concave areas

2. allow essentially the same movements as condyloid joints

3. carpometacarpal joints

vi. _____________________________________

1. spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another

2. multiaxial

3. most freely moving synovial joints

4. shoulder and hips

V. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SKELETON

a. First long bones in the very young fetus are formed of _____________________

b. As the fetus develops and grows, both the flat and the long bone models are converted to ________________

c. At birth, some fontanels still remain in the skull to allow for brain growth, usually fully ossified by _________________________

d. Bones have to be ______________________________________________

e. ________________________ is a ________________________________ that afflicts half of women over 65 and 20% of men over the age of 70